Discrimination And Sexual Harassment And Affirmative Action

Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Most companies engage in some type of affirmative action policy. Affirmative actions are policies that are placed to engage in the improvement of underprivileged groups who either currently suffer or have historically suffered from discrimination and equality of opportunity. During our lecture, Dr. Kallfelz stated that affirmative action is a, â€Å"Proactive policy with primary immediate attempt to reform (and long term attempt to prevent and deter) socioeconomically discriminatory practices.† This implies that moral equals should be treated equally. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, intended to provide equal opportunities to women and minority groups in education and employment. Therefore, companies use affirmative action to secure equality throughout the organization. The policy is broken down into two categories: strong affirmative action (SAA) and weak affirmative action (WAA). Society looks at strong affirmative action is on the legal aspect of affirmative action. An example would be some type of written, legal policy or procedures that are put in place to report inequality. On the other hand, weak affirmative action is more social. This would be considered social aspects of raising awareness in a company or organization. For example, inservice programs, training, sexual harassment exams, public speakers, etc. would be forms of weak affirmative actions. But Dr. Kallfelz breaks the two views down into aShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment And A Zero Tolerance Policy865 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment Wills Incorporated prohibit sexual harassment and maintains a zero tolerance policy. Management will discipline and fire anyone found guilty of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is any or combination of the following: an objectionable, coercive or lewd comment of a sexual nature to a person or persons, that is known or unwelcomed; actions or communications with a sexual connotation that create an intimidating, demeaning, or offensive work environment; an unwanted sexual requestRead MoreLeveling The Playing Field?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Playing Field The term Affirmative Action had very little meaning for the average American years ago. Affirmative action has been described as actions or steps an organization must take to show that it is not showing or fostering any kind of discrimination. It provides qualified people with the same access to educational and professional opportunities that would otherwise have been denied them if they were fully qualified. Through out the years the affirmative action has adapted to the times andRead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace1633 Words   |  7 PagesEmployment Policy. 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The court ruled that the standardsRead MoreEssay on Jacksonville Shipyards1350 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics-BUS290 February 24, 2008 Abstract Sexual misconduct in the workplace has been a problem for women and in recent year’s men as well. Unfortunately, in the past this topic was overlooked until the case of Meritor Savings v. Vinson. We will establish the criteria for determining when unwelcome conduct of sexual nature constitutes harassment according to Title VII. Additionally, we will ascertain how to evaluate evidence of harassment, whether a work environment is sexually antagonisticRead MoreHarrassment Is an Example of Discrinimation in Employment Essay example821 Words   |  4 PagesJob Discrimination by definition is the practice of using an individuals race, color, national origin, sex, or religion to make employment decisions related to hiring, firing, compensation, evaluations, promotions, and training. There is a lot of discrimination in employment and the example of discrimination that occur is Harassment. Harassment Sexual harassment is one of the most heard in the workplace and usually it occur when employees are subjected to unwanted and unwelcome treatment due toRead MoreChapter 3: Equal Employment Opportunity Human Resources Management963 Words   |  4 PagesSuitable defense against a discrimination charge only where age, religion, sex, or national origin is an actual qualification for performing the job. †¢ Business Necessity: Work-related practice that is necessary to the safe and efficient operation of an organization. †¢ Fair Employment Practices: State and local laws governing equal employment opportunity that are often more comprehensive than federal laws. †¢ Sexual Harassment: Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or

Why Not Community College Essay - 1094 Words

Although 2010 was not by definition, a recession year, it certainly felt like one. The growth of the economy was stifled, unemployment was stagnated at a little less than ten percent and interest rates and inflation were at near depression levels by year’s end. The state of the economy unequivocally influences tax collections and budgets, which in turn determines the financial prosperity of higher education, especially in the public sector. The two main sources of revenue for public colleges and universities are state appropriations and tuition. Generally, as cuts to higher education appropriations occur, campuses respond by boosting tuitions even higher. Yet, regardless of the size of the budget cuts, college and university tuitions†¦show more content†¦For the fall semester of 2011, the two largest universities in Florida, University of Central Florida and University of Florida, intended on augmenting tuition costs 15%. For a student anticipating enrollment at the University of Central Florida, â€Å"that would mean an extra $17 per credit hour — or more than $300 more a semester for an 18-hour course load† (Balona). Consequently, the absurd college and university tuition hikes have forced many prospective college bound students to shift gears on the journey to receiving their degree. In fact, many students have opted to start their college careers at a community college. Community colleges are designed to serve as a connection from high school to college by providing courses that are transferable to colleges or universities offering a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree and are generally more cost efficient. CNN Money journalist, Kim Clark reports that, â€Å"While community college tuition posted a sharp 8.7% gain, its still a bargain: only about $3,000 a year for full-time tuition† (Clark). 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I do not think it is fair that most community college students have to borrow money because they do notRead MoreCommunity College And High Schoo l1598 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction At some point in the life of a high school student, community college becomes an option when applying to colleges. In some cases for those looking to further their education past high school it is still an option, even to students who are already in college. However, not everyone is able to see the benefits of attending a community college. Somehow in the past millennia, community college somehow gained the reputation of being a punishment for things such as having bad grades in highRead MoreTo The Many Students That Annually Graduated From An American1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbest day of their life. Why? Well, because in the United States obtaining a high school diploma is one step further to reaching the American Dream. 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EMU Electronics- Report for Emu Firmware manufacturers & suppliers

Question: Describe the Report for Emu Electronics as an Electronics Manufacturer. Answer: Part A Introduction The case is about Emu Electronics which is situated in Box Hill, Victoria. The company was founded more than 50 years ago and it used to repair radio and other household appliances. The company has grown over the years and is a specialty dealer in electronics item. At present the major revenue source of the company is smart phone. The company has designed a new smart phone with all existing features and built in Wifi tethering facility. For the development of this phone the company has invested 750000 in development of the prototype of the new smart phone. Emu has also spent 200000 for marketing study so that they are able to forecast the demand of the new smart phone being launched. The company has also calculated the variable cost and fixed cost that will be incurred in running the operation of the manufacturing facility which will produce the new smart phones. Shelly Chan is the current managing director of the company and she has inherited the company from her father. She wants t o calculate the various parameters involved in capital budgeting of the company so that she can take decision about the project and how to reduce the costs to increase efficiency and profit of the organization. Analysis The Emu electronics wants to calculate the various parameters involved in capital budgeting of the company. Capital budgeting is a technique used by the companies to estimate whether the investments made in the project will be able to provide returns to the investors. It takes into account all the cash flow from the various revenue sources in the future and all possible expenditure to estimate the profit from the investment. The expenditure includes investment in property, equipment, market study and research and development. These are also called capital expenditure. The cash flow from the various revenue sources in the future are discounted using the discount rate to calculate the present value of the earnings in the future. The discount rate of the project depends upon the financial risk involved in the project. The company tries to minimize the financial risk involved in the project by using different ratios of debt and equity while financing the project. The ratio of debt and equity is maintained such that the risk is minimized and overall profit to the company increases. The main objective of any project under taken by a company is to maximize profit for the shareholders. The profit can be maximized by reducing cost or increasing revenue from the project. In this case, the source of revenue is by sales of smart phones and the expenses each year is due to the variable cost involved in manufacturing smart phone and the initial investment is for the purchase of the equipment required for manufacturing the smart phones. Thus in the year 0, the company makes the investment of 34.5 million for the equipment cost. The Research and development cost of 750000 and the marketing cost of 200000 is sunk cost and hence not a part of the capital expenditure. Depreciation is calculated using straight line method for 7 years and the salvage value is 0. However at the end of the 5 years, an amount of 5500000 can be received for the equipment. Thus depreciation = (34.5 0)/ 7 = 4.928 million In the first year, The number of mobile units sold = 64000 Price of the smart phone = 485 Thus revenue earned = Units sold* Unit selling price = 106000* 485 = 31040000 Variable cost per unit = 205 Thus total variable cost = Units sold* Unit variable price = 205* 64000 = 13120000 Fixed cost each year for operation of plant = 5100000 Thus net profit = Revenue variable cost fixed cost = 31040000 13120000 5100000 = 12820000 EBIT = Net profit Depreciation = 12820000 4928571 = 7891429 Tax = 30% of EBIT = 30% * 7891429 = 2367429 Profit before tax = 7891429 2367429 = 5524000 Working capital = 20% of revenue = 20% * 31040000 = 6208000 Change in working capital = working capital (year 1) - working capital (year 0) = 6208000 0 = 6208000 Capital expenditure in year 1 = 0 Free cash flow = Profit before tax + Depreciation Change in working capital capital expenditure Thus in year 1, Free cash flow = 5524000 + 4928571 6208000 0 = 4244571 Discount rate = 12% Present value = Free cash flow/ (1 + r)^n = 4244571/ (1 + 0.12)^1 = 3789796 Similarly, the values for other years are calculated. The table of all the values for the next 5 years is given below. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Units sold 64000 106000 87000 78000 54000 Selling Price 485 485 485 485 485 Revenue 31040000 51410000 42195000 37830000 26190000 Variable cost/ unit 205 205 205 205 205 Total Variable cost 13120000 21730000 17835000 15990000 11070000 Fixed cost 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 Net Profit 12820000 24580000 19260000 16740000 10020000 Depreciation 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 EBIT 7891429 19651429 14331429 11811429 5091429 Tax 2367429 5895429 4299429 3543429 1527429 PBT 5524000 13756000 10032000 8268000 3564000 Working Capital 6208000 10282000 8439000 7566000 0 Change in Working capital 6208000 4074000 -1843000 -873000 -7566000 Capital Expenditure 34500000 -5500000 Free cash flow -34500000 4244571 14610571 16803571 14069571 21558571 Present value -34500000 3789796 11647458 11960450 8941467 12232912 Cumulative Present Value -34500000 -30710204 -19062746 -7102296 1839171 14072084 1. The payback period is defined as the amount of time required by the company to recover the investment it has made in the project using the revenue generated from the project. Payback period helps manager to decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the payback period calculated is less than the targeted payback period i.e. the amount of time required by the company to recover the initial investment is less than the expected amount of time by the management. (Investopedia, Payback Period, 2011) In this case, the initial investment is 34.5 million and the revenue is generated from sales of the smart phones. Payback period = Investment/ Sum of cash flows till break even = 34500000 / (4244571 + 14610571 + 16803571) = 2.90 years A drawback of using Payback period for determining acceptability or rejection of a project is that Payback period does not take into account time value of money and can lead to inaccurate decisions. 2. Profitability index is defined as the ratio of the present value of all the future cash flow and the investment made initially in the project. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Profitability index calculated is more than 1 and is rejected if the Profitability index calculated is less than 1. In this case, the Profitability index = Sum of the present value of all the free cash flows / Initial Investment = 47572084/ 34500000 = 1.40 The Profitability index calculated is more than 1. Hence the project can be accepted. 3. Internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate at which the net present value of all the future cash flow for a project becomes zero. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Internal rate of return calculated is more than targeted rate of return and is rejected if the Internal rate of return calculated is less than targeted rate of return. (Investopedia, 2013) In this case, Internal rate of return r then NPV = = 0 Thus calculating we get r = 24.6% 4. Net Present Value (NPV) is defined as the net present value of all the future cash flow for a project obtained by discounting all the future cash flow at the discount rate. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Net Present Value calculated is more than 0 and is rejected if the Net Present Value calculated is less than 0. (Investopedia, 2011) In this case, NPV = , where F0 is the initial investment = 14072083.64 The advantage of using the Net Present Value is that NPV takes in to account all the future cash flows and time value of money. Also it helps the management understand the amount of money the project is going to generate for them. However the disadvantage of using NPV is that it does not takes into account the initial investment required for the project. It assumes that the company will be able to get funds for starting the project which is not always feasible. Also NPV is affected highly by the future cash flows, tax rate, etc. which makes it fluctuate too much due to small changes in the variables. 5. To test the sensitivity of the NPV to the changes in selling price, we had two approaches: optimistic where we increased the selling price by 5% and pessimistic where we decreased the selling price by 5%. When the selling price is increased by 5%, the new selling price = 485 * 1.05 = 509.25 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (optimistic) = 18757736 When the selling price is decreased by 5%, the new selling price = 485* 0.95 = 460.75 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (pessimistic) = 9386431 (Investopedia, 2011) 6. To test the sensitivity of the NPV to the changes in quantity, we had two approaches: optimistic where we increased the quantity by 5% and pessimistic where we decreased the quantity by 5%. When the quantity is increased by 5%, the quantity for 1st year = 64000* 1.05 = 67200 Similarly for other years quantity is calculated. Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (optimistic) = 167217102 When the quantity is decreased by 5%, the new quantity for 1st year = 64000* 0.95 = 60800 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (pessimistic) = 11422565 Thus it can be seen that NPV is more sensitive to the changes in the selling price and less sensitive to the quantity. 7. Yes, Emu Electronics should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. It can be seen from the calculation that the NPV is positive for the project and IRR of the project is more than the rate of return of the company. The only constraint the company has is it requires 34.5 million to start the project. If it is able to arrange the investment using equity or debt without any change in the rate of return then it should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. (Goedhart, 2015) 8. If the sale of new smart phone reduces the sale of other phones, it is loss in revenue for the company as the new product is cannibalizing its own products. Thus to account for this change in revenue, the company must reduce the revenues earned by the sales of new product by the amount of money lost due to loss in sales of old phones. Thus the net present value, internal rate of return and payback period will change and there is a possibility that the project might become unfeasible if the loss in sales is too high. Thus it can have serious impact on the final decision of the project Part B Introduction Hubbard Limited Company was founded by Bob and is family owned business. Its sell computer products and other accessories. The company wants to calculate WACC to understand the cost associated with the business. The company has chosen Harvey Norman as a representative company which is a listed company so that it can determine the cost of debt and equity of the company. 1. From the annual report of Harvey Norman Holdings for the year 2105, the long tern debt value and total assets value has been calculated. Long term debt excluding the current liabilities = 290000000 Total assets owned by the company = 4430000000, total liabilities of the company = 1740000000 We know, Total Assets = Total liabilities + Equity Thus the equity of the company = Total Assets - Total liabilities = 4430000000 1740000000 = 2690000000 2. The stock price of the share for Harvey Norman, HVN = 5.19 The market value of the equity = 5.77 billion No. of outstanding shares = 1113 million Annual dividend paid most recently = 0.17 per share Beta value = 0.75 Yield on government debt = 2.45% for a 3 month bond Market risk premium for Harvey Norman = 5% We know using the Capital Asset Pricing model, Cost of Equity = Rf + (Rm Rf)* Beta = 2.45% + (5 * 0.75) = 6.20% The dividend discount model is not applicable in this case as the dividend paid by the company is not set. 3. From the annual report, Interest expense = 32080000 The book value of the long term debt = 290000000 Cost of debt = Interest expense/ book value of the long term debt = 32080000/ 290000000 = 11.06% As the data regarding the market value of debt is unavailable, we assume the market value of debt is same as the book value of debt (Mitra, 2011) 4. From the book value, we have Total value of the company = Book value of equity + Book value of long term debt = 2690000000 + 290000000 = 2980000000 Thus Weighted average cost of capital = Equity book value/ Total book value * Cost of equity + Debt book value/ Total book value * Cost of debt * (1- rate of tax) = 6.35 % Again using the market values of debt and equity instead of book value, we get WACC = 6.27% The cost of capital calculated at market value is more relevant as it gives idea about the prices at which the company can sell. (Patient Value, 2013) 5. The most important difference between the Harvey Norman and Hubbard Computer Limited Company is the size of the company in terms of revenues and market capitalization. It is not correct to use Harvey Norman as a representative of Hubbard Computer Limited Company as there is a difference in ownership of the two companies, the risk associated with each of them and amount of reserves. The market capitalization of Harvey Norman is more than 5 billion dollars whereas the sales of Hubbard Computer Limited is only 9.7 million. This huge difference in revenue makes it difficult for them to be considered as representable. Also the risk associated with a company with large reserves is less than the risk associated with the smaller reserves as the larger company can easily get access to funds and at a lower rate. The same is not the case with Hubbard Computer Limited. Apart from the major financial differences, the portfolio of the HCL is different from the Harvey Norman. Harvey Norman has a larger variety of electronic goods in its product portfolio whereas HCL has only computer and its accessories. This again diversifies the risk of Harvey. The customers get wider range at Harvey Norman and it is easier for them to convert customers and build trust than HCL. Thus it is not correct to use Harvey Norman. (Winkle, 2011) Conclusion Thus the assignment helps in understand the various topics in capital budgeting. In the first part, the various parameters used by the management for deciding whether or not they want to accept the project. It was found that the NPV of the project is positive and IRR of the project is more than the rate of return of the company. Thus if the company is able to arrange the investment using equity or debt without any change in the rate of return then it should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. In the second part, the method to calculate WACC was explained and the issues in using another company as a representative company were discussed. References Investopedia, 2011, Payback Period, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/paybackperiod.asp Gallo, A., 2016, A Refresher on Internal Rate of Return, Harvard Business Review, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.thebalance.com/net-present-value-npv-as-a-capital-budgeting-method-392915 Mitra, S., 2011. Revisiting WACC. Global Journals, viewed September 26, 2016 https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume11/8.Revisiting-WACC.pdf Goedhart, M., 2015, A better way to understand internal rate of return, Mckinsey, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/internal-rate-of-return-a-cautionary-tale Patient Value, 2013. WACC Is Flawed, Use Warren Buffett's Approach Instead, viewed September 26, 2016 https://seekingalpha.com/article/1641702-wacc-is-flawed-use-warren-buffetts-approach-instead Investopedia, 2011, Net Present Value - NPV, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp Investopedia, 2013, Internal Rate of Return, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/irr.asp Winkle, L., 2011. Harvey Norman shares: Should you really buy them?. Financial Review. viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.bofaml.com/content/dam/boamlimages/documents/articles/D3_014/bro-04-15-1256_f_singlepages.pdf

Dickens calls his novel Hard Times Essay Example For Students

Dickens calls his novel Hard Times Essay Dickens calls his novel Hard Times. How does Dickens communicate a sense of the hard times which the working classes experienced due to industrialisation and Victorian attitudes to education? In your answer you should consider how Dickens uses characterisation and language to explore his themes.  During the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, there was a mass rise in employment as a large number of heavy industrial factories were established all over cities. This resulted in widespread pollution and appalling overall working conditions, which are the hard times that Dickens tries to express through characterisation and language in his novel. We will write a custom essay on Dickens calls his novel Hard Times specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In doing this, Dickens is criticising the pursuit of Benthams doctrine of utilitarianism in his contemporary society. Utilitarianism is the concept that the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct and that what the majority agrees to is correct (Bentham 1748-1832). Dickens argues, however, that this ideal is highly immoral as the working masses are subjected to such hard times whilst the rich simply enjoy their own wealth. Dickens identifies the application of these corrupt beliefs in the Victorian attitudes to education as a fundamental part of the problem. Dickens effectively illustrates the hard times experienced by the working classes due to industrialisation and the flaws in Victorian attitudes to education in his use of characterisation and language. In Hard Times, Dickens expresses the difficulties experienced by the working class in showing their lack of individuality as a result of industrialisation. The workers are described as equally like one anotherwho all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday. Dickens uses alliteration and repetition here same hourssame sound to express the dullness of the workers tedious routines and emphasise their lack of individuality. Furthermore, he characterises the workers by describing them as being like clockwork machines; slaves to their factories, with no hint of personality. Dickens replicates this lack of individuality in the school, in an effort to show the effects of industrialisation on Victorian attitudes to education. The individuality of the working class children was being purposefully eroded in school, in an effort to raise the children as factory workers; nothing more than another cog in the industrial machine of society. This is demonstrated as the students are robbed of their names and referred to by numbers, such as Girl number twenty, and is not allowed to be called by their pet names, which are indeed representations of unique personalities:  Sissy is not a name, said Mr. Gradgrind. Dont call yourself  Ã‚  Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia. Dickens exposes here his criticism of utilitarianism the belief that what the majority agree to is correct as immoral. It is untrue that these school children have agreed to becoming factory workers; the reality is that they are brainwashed into becoming monotonous creatures who know no better than to pursue jobs in industrial factories since their education was tailored by rich teachers like Mr. Gradgrind, who are interested in only their own well being. Dickens therefore argues that the function of utilitarianism in Victorian society is misguided and corrupt. This disagreement is further embodied in the characterisation of the school children as little vesselsready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. This metaphor reiterates how the Victorian teachers do not see the pupils as individual people, but rather, mere vessels to be manipulated as they see fit. Moreover, the use of mathematical language such as imperial gallons echoes factory impressions and imagery. By using language and characterisation, Dickens has presented an effective picture of the hard times experienced by the working classes in the removal of individuality due to industrialisation, and the way in which this has influenced Victorian attitudes to education. He has also employed these techniques to mount an effective assault on the morality of utilitarianism in this society. .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .postImageUrl , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:visited , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:active { border:0!important; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:active , .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748 .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f801b3abef6a6ef8d92fe229696f748:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russians And Bosnians Essay Research PaperAnother way in which Dickens communicates a sense of the hard times is by describing the sense of entrapment that the working class feel due to industrialisation controlling their lives, All the public inscriptions in the town were painted alike, in severe characters of black and white. Since Dickens uses specific colour imagery of black and white, Dickens conveys that Coketown is a factual black or white region, which shows how the civilians are locked in a world of facts even by their decorating. Dickens mirrors the sense of entrapment in the workplace in the Victorian classroom which is another example of the negative effects of industrialisation. He does this by describing the classroom as The scene was a plain, bare monotonous vault. Firstly, Dickens uses the technique of a list of three. He uses this language technique to emphasise the dullness and entrapment felt in the classroom. Dickens conveys the idea that the childrens learning conditions were similar to a prison cell showing how the children were entrapped. Dickens also uses this language to show how children were locked into a world of facts. In Hard Times. By using language and imagery to convey a sense of entrapment, Dickens shows how the working classes entrapment in their jobs and the school childrens imprisonment in a world of facts create such hard times for them.

Critically evaluate the conceptual and theoretical Essay Example

Critically evaluate the conceptual and theoretical Essay 1.It seems no consideration of terrorist act s definition can get down without the statement: One adult male s terrorist is another adult male s freedom combatant, ( Laqueur, 1987:302 ) . And this statement seems to be at the bosom of what many consider to be the job with supplying a definition of terrorist act: it all depends on position. Surely specifying terrorist act has neer been a more of import or necessary exercising, with many political groups and administrations around the universe holding to cover with terrorist activity, there is an of all time greater demand to understand its nature. A definition of terrorist act is required, among other grounds, to implement international Torahs, to guarantee international cooperation and make up ones mind on violative action ( Ganor, 2002 ) . The sheer scope of definitions of terrorist act is possibly best illustrated by Schmidt and Jongman ( 1988 ) who cite 109 different definitions. By analyzing these definitions for significances, it is possible to name the factors most normally found to be of import. Force or force appears in 83.5 % of definitions, a political motive is in 65 % , reference of panic or fright is in 51 % , menaces in 47 % . The staying classs include psychological effects, differences between the victims and the marks and planned actions. Why the confusion? How is it possible that merely 65 % of definitions contain reference of political motive when it is normally cardinal to terrorist activity? Possibly the reply lies in the gap quotation mark from Laqueur ( 1987 ) that it all depends on the position. Ganor ( 2002 ) points to the evident duality sometimes set up in the literature between national release and terrorist act. While national release has been considered a justified terminal to contend for, can terrorism truly be used as a justified agencies? Again, it all depends on position. From Syria s official place, it does non back up terrorist act but does back up national release. Unfortunately, the agencies it uses to accomplish this terminal are considered by many to be terrorist act. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically evaluate the conceptual and theoretical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critically evaluate the conceptual and theoretical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critically evaluate the conceptual and theoretical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Possibly underlying Syria s place, like that of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) is what Taylor ( 1988 ) considers the moral justification. The moral justification can be used by both authoritiess and independent administration to warrant actions that might otherwise look similar to terrorist Acts of the Apostless ( Ruby, 2002 ) . This clearly raises one of the cardinal jobs in the definition of terrorist act, over which much attempt has been expended in the literature: should terrorism be defined by its agencies or its ends? Garrison ( 2004 ) comes down strongly on the side of ends, reasoning that terrorist act should be defined by its effort to consequence a alteration in society by utilizing panic. Garrison ( 2004 ) sees terrorist act as a tool that is used by many different groups and, in that sense, does non let differentiations to be made between these groups. To do differentiations it is necessary to see terrorist act s purpose. In this definition so, the targeting of civilians is non a necessary and sufficient status for placing terrorist act ( Garrison, 2004 ) . An alternate point of view focal points on the agencies of terrorist activity to specify terrorist act ( Cooper, 2001 ) . Ganor ( 2002 ) points out that a terrorist and a freedom combatant may hold the same ends, but they are pursued in different manners. Here, so, aiming civilians becomes the cardinal point of definition. Concentrating on the act itself makes a bunk of the word picture made between national release and terrorist act in its ultimate purposes. Alternatively Ganor ( 2002 ) negotiations of the different types of unconventional warfare usually carried out between a province and an administration of some signifier. When an administration contending against the province onslaughts military marks, that is guerrilla warfare, when the administration attacks non-military marks, that is terrorist act. This means that freedom combatants, revolutionists and nihilists could be either terrorists or legitimate battlers involved in guerilla warfare. To what extent are these definitions dichotomous? Clearly they are non one stresses political terminals, and the other stresses the agencies. Each efforts to except the other s definition to a certain extent, while admiting its legitimacy to some extent. Legal systems around the universe, nevertheless, do non hold the luxury of this elusiveness. This means that some states use political or spiritual terminals in specifying terrorist act and some focal point on the Acts of the Apostless carried out ( Ramraj, Hor A ; Roach, 2005 ) . The troubles in specifying terrorist act can be made even clearer when sing how definitions are frequently either over- or under-inclusive ( Shanahan, 2005 ) . Is a terrorist ever a radical? Shanahan ( 2005 ) points out they many authoritiess may perpetrate terrorist Acts of the Apostless to stay in power. Terrorists frequently attack both military and non-military marks, thereby doing loss of life and hurt to both civilian and non-civilian marks. Shanahan ( 2005 ) even argues that onslaughts on military forces can be Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act. Further, definitions of terrorist act in footings of menaces to life and limb do non include harm to belongings. Even more bewilderingly, it is non ever possible to separate between alleged combatants and non-combatants . In decision, specifying terrorist act is so hard, one author who has been analyzing it for many old ages has resorted to explicating that we know terrorist act when we see it ( Cooper, 2001 ) . While this may be true, from an international legal position this subjective definition is non sufficient. In world, different groups cleaving to definitions of terrorist act that suit their political intents. Academicians have tried to umpire this definitional brawl, with some limited success. Some strong definitions of terrorist act have been distilled, but the existent litmus trial is whether these can be universally adopted. Sing the utmost troubles in definition illustrated by the easiness of over-inclusive or under-inclusive classs, cosmopolitan acceptance of a definition of terrorist act seems improbable. 2.Northern Ireland foremost came into being as a consequence of guerilla warfare by the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) in the 1920s. The IRA was contending against Britain to make a province independent of the UK. In 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed which partitioned Ireland into a southern independent democracy and Northern Ireland, each with their ain authoritiess. Publicly, the UK authorities saw the divider as an ineluctable move designed to avoid a civil war. The IRA continued their run to seek to throw out the British authorities from Northern Ireland. But, this had small consequence and until 1968 the UK authorities did non interfere with the Northern Irish authorities ( White A ; White, 1995 ) . While the IRA continued to run between 1920 and the mid-1960s, they were made illegal in the 1930s and merely carried out sporadic runs over that clip ( Thane, 2001 ) . It was nt until the late sixtiess that the IRA all of a sudden rose to unprecedented prominence. In the 1960s a mostly peaceable motion for civil rights began to develop ( White A ; White, 1995 ) . Analogues have been drawn between this rise of feeling and the civil rights motion in the US ( McGarry, 2001 ) . The Irish run originally centred on deriving rights for Catholics life in Northern Ireland. Through the 1960s tensenesss rose as the runs met opposition from the Royal Ulster Constabulary and Protestant demonstrators. Finally the British ground forces was mobilised in 1969 to assist squelch public perturbations. Over the following few old ages force exploded and the Irish authorities failed to maintain it under control. An of import factor in the rise of the IRA was a split that occurred in 1970 in the IRA from which the Provisional IRA emerged as the more violent and hawkish wing. One of the Irish authorities s last actions was to present internment in August 1971, an act designed to incarcerate those thought to be members of the IRA. The IRA, nevertheless, maintained that in this monolithic operation to collar 342 people, merely 30 were existent IRA members ( Mulholland, 2003 ) . The event to force the state of affairs over the border was Bloody Sunday 1972 when the British ground forces shooting dead 14 unarmed demonstrators. Mulholland ( 2003 ) argues that this lead to the prostration of resistance to political force. Soon afterwards the UK authorities efficaciously reimposed direct regulation and the Irish Parliament was dissolved. After this, the IRA saw a monolithic rise in its rank, particularly from within the Official IRA, and units in Northern Ireland ( Smith, 1995 ) . The ground for the rise in the IRA s power has been examined in several different ways. Many have focussed on the sudden public groundswell of sentiment that force was non merely justified, but required. White ( 1989 ) has suggested the causes of the societal revolution which the IRA made manifest prevarication in the mobilization position. The traditional position is that economic inequalities result in rebellion, but the mobilization position puts greater accent on the costs and benefits of action, reasoning that people s grudges remain comparatively stable. Turning to Ireland in the 1970s, several factors are seen to be of import in the changing manner people view guerilla warfare. White ( 1989 ) argues that it is province repression which can be seen with the British ground forces and internment that makes people place an unfairness. Second, people believe that others feel the same manner and, eventually, they decide that force is possible and it will be effectual. White ( 1989 ) finds support for this thesis in his interviews with political militant, indexing of bombardments and shots carried out in Derry every bit good as steps of economic want. Further grounds for this thesis, specifically concentrating on province repression was found in a survey carried out by White and White ( 1995 ) . They found two dimensions of province repression. The first is official repression, an illustration of which is the internment. The 2nd is informal province repression, as carried out by the British ground forces. This theory goes portion manner to explicating the rapid rise of the IRA, but the point has been made by Bell ( 1973 ) that the state of affairs had been ripe for a revolution in Ireland for 50 old ages, so why did it non get down until 1969? Many causes were involved: foremost, the civil rights run lowered people s tolerance of subjugation. Second, the British ground forces, through their actions, lost regard in Catholic eyes. Third, the security forces did non look able to maintain control. Fourth, there seemed to be an advantage at that place, if merely person could take it. For Catholics, while Stormont was non legitimate, it had at least been able to exert authorization in the yesteryear. This was no longer the instance. For all these chief grounds, people began to take their support for the British ground forces and travel it over to the IRA ( Bell, 1973 ) . In decision, there were a figure of different factors that affected the rise of the IRA between 1969 and 1974. There was a reduced belief by members of the Irish community that the official governments could maintain control of a state of affairs gyrating into force. This was combined with a turning belief the costs of an rebellion were outweighed by the likely benefits. Increasing degrees of force were spurred by lifting degrees of repression directed against the people by the authorities. A mobilization position leads to the thought that these influences, along with others, turned public sentiment in favor of the IRA. This displacement in sentiment led to a big addition in IRA rank, which allowed it to well increase its operations to the extent that, by 1974, it had become one of the strongest terrorist groups in Western Europe. Mentions Bell, J. ( 1973 ) . The Escalation of Insurgency: The Provisional Irish Republican Army s Experience, 1969-1971.The Review of Politics, 35( 3 ) , 398-411. Cooper, H. ( 2001 ) . Terrorism: The Problem of Definition Revisited.American Behavioral Scientist, 44( 6 ) , 881-893. Ganor, B. ( 2002 ) . Specifying Terrorism: Is One Man s Terrorist another Man s Freedom Fighter?Police Practice and Research, 3( 4 ) , 287-304. Garrison, A. ( 2004 ) . Specifying terrorist act: doctrine of the bomb, propaganda by title and alteration through fright and force. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society, 17( 3 ) , 259-279. Laqueur, W. ( 1987 ) .The Age of Terrorism. Toronto: Small, Brown and Company. McGarry, J. ( 2001 ) .The Northern Ireland and the Divided Universe: Post-agreement Northern Ireland in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mulholland, M. ( 2003 )Northern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ramraj, V. , Hor, M. , A ; Roach, K. ( 2005 ) . Introduction. In: V. Ramraj, M. Hor, A ; K. Roach ( Eds. ) .Global anti-terrorism jurisprudence and policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ruby, C. ( 2002 ) . The Definition of Terrorism.Analysiss of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2( 1 ) , 9-14. Schmidt, A. P. , A ; Jongman, A. I. ( 1988 ) .Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Writers, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature. North-Holland: Transaction Books. Shanahan, T. ( 2005 ) .Doctrine 9/11: Thinking about the War on Terrorism. Chicago, IL: Open Court. Smith, M. L. R. ( 1995 ) .Contending for Ireland? The military scheme of the Irish Republican Movement. Oxford: Routledge. Taylor, M. ( 1988 ) .The Terrorist. London: Brassey s Defence Publishers. Thane, P. ( 2001 )Cassell Dictionary of Twentieth Century Britain. London: Cassell Reference. White, R. ( 1989 ) . From Peaceful Protest to Guerrilla War: Micromobilization of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.The American Journal of Sociology, 94( 6 ) , 1277-1302. White, R. , A ; White, T. ( 1995 ) . Repression and the Broad State: The Case of Northern Ireland, 1969-1972.The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39( 2 ) , 330-352.

Where Have All the Guns Gone essays

Where Have All the Guns Gone essays In todays society guns are everywhere. News casts shower the public with stories about gun violence, movie heroes blow away the bad guys, cartoon characters brazenly shower each other with flying bullets, and children shoot each other in school rooms. When is it going to stop? Gun control advocates believe that the answer lies in more and more laws designed to restrict ownership of firearms to the public. Gun rights advocates think that such laws are an infringement on civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. They want more enforcement of existing laws and tougher punishments for breaking current laws. Everyone agrees that something must change. However, what that something should be has sparked fierce public debate. The latest change has been the introduction of background checks and a waiting period before purchasing a firearm. The Brady Handgun Control Act of 1993 incorporated this change and made it mandatory for all States. Recently the Supreme C ourt overturned parts of the law, however, many States adopted similar laws requiring the same checks. Studies and statistics indicate that although some criminals are declined when trying to buy guns legally, many obtain guns anyway. Due to loopholes in the law and poor enforcement of the laws provisions, the Brady Handgun Control Act and others like it do not keep criminals from obtaining weapons. The assassination attempt of President Ronald Reagan by John Warren Hinckley Jr. on March 30, 1981, just two months into President Reagans first term, seems to be a turning point in the gun control debate. Hinckley fired several shots with a revolver, hitting the President in the chest, and his Press Secretary, James Brady in the head. The assassination was an attempt to gain the attention of actress Jody Foster (Issues and Controversies). It also sparked a fierce debate over the ease of accessibility...

Strategy statement for bank Lloyds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategy statement for bank Lloyds - Essay Example Customers and shareholders are key stakeholders to a business organization, since they do not only determine the direction that an organization takes in running its operations, but also the nature of the business and the core market that the organization serves. A business organization ventures into a given business and formulates the purpose and objectives for why it is in existence based on the customers and shareholder’s needs. The best interest of a customer is the responsiveness of a business to the customer needs (Wonglimpiyarat, 2005:27). The best interest of the shareholder is the increasing returns on the investment, as well as the sustainability of the increment of this returns over the long-run. Prioritizing the needs of the customers through making the Lloyds Bank simple for the customers to do business with is a positive step towards the bank realizing its prime objective. The combination of the interest of the customers and the shareholder under one vision is clearly the best way to success. It is the investors/shareholders who funds a business organization towards exploiting the available opportunities (Great Britain, 2009:87). On the other hand, it is the customers who helps a business organization to generate revenues that can cover for its operations and still create value for the shareholders of the business. In this respect, Lloyds Bank has applied the shareholders resources towards developing the relevant skills, people and resources necessary for responding effectively to the customer needs. On the other hand, the effective response to the customer needs has enabled Lloyds Bank to curve a satisfactory market share within the UK banking industry, and thus enabled the bank to remain well funded and even attain a leading position in the industry (Lloyds Bank Group, 2014:n.p.). Therefore, this customer-shareholder combination has worked in the be st interest of the Lloyds Bank. Towards 2017,